托福阅读词汇有效积累3大方法讲解

托福阅读词汇有效积累3大方法讲解, 除了背词汇书还能这样学生词，下面小编就和大家分享托福阅读词汇有效积累3大方法讲解,希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读词汇有效积累3大方法讲解 除了背词汇书还能这样学生词

托福词汇量除了背单词书还要靠平时积累

托福词汇量的提升不能只依赖背单词书这样死板的方法，考生平时的积累也很重要。这种积累的途径涵盖了我们从最初学习英语到现在读过的英语文章、做过的阅读和听力，以及各种杂志、报刊、电影电视剧等方式接触到的单词。这部分词汇有日常生活类、政经类、影视娱乐类等等，当然也包括托福考试最需要的一些自然、社会、科技等学术类词汇。

需要我们牢记于心的一点是，英语的学习，尤其是词汇，是一个持续的过程，不会因为某一次考试而突然开始或者结束。那么如何有效地积累词汇呢?

1. 选择喜欢并且合适的材料

主动学习比被动学习更能提高效率且印象更深，这一点相信大家都深有体会。可供选择的学习材料包括英文视频、有声读物和各类文本。

1.1 视频可以是纪录片、电影、演讲等形式，尤其是纪录片，涉及的题材十分广泛，能够补充大量学科词汇，对托福的学习有很大帮助。

1.2 有声读物则非常考验一个人的听力水平和综合能力，如果听不懂，就不用谈积累词汇了。所以这种方法并不适合初学者。初学者如果觉得难，应结合文本听材料，不能囫囵吞枣。

1.3 前两种学习材料如果合理使用，最终还是要“文本”的形态，除此之外，文本还包括各类外刊、杂志、名著、翻译作品等，在选择上根据各人的兴趣，也是因人而异的。

2. 随时记录和整理

有些同学会习惯性地把手头的材料看过一次就搁置一边，这样貌似学到了新知识，但事实上如果不做记录和整理，很快就会遗忘的。所以养成随时记录、定期整理的习惯也是十分重要的。最简单的方法是准备一本可随身携带的小本子，或者电脑常在手边的话也可以直接建立专门的excel文档，总之能随时找得到即可。

3. 培养语境意识

我们要积累的词汇不一定全都是以前没见过的生词。托福阅读词汇题中常考的就有一词多义单词的某一个释义，所以我们要积累的，也可能是你知道了意思但却不知道它具象/抽象用法的词汇，因而有必要再着重记忆一下。

比如，undermine这个词，我们知道它有“削弱”(weaken sth./sb. gradually or insidiously)和破坏的意思，也常会在文本中见到这种意思之下的例句，如：But we must recognize that an escalating nuclear arms race in this region would undermine decades of growth and prosperity.但是有一天我们看到了这样一句句子：Badgers had undermined the foundations of the church.这时我们可能就会恍然大悟——原来undermine原本的意思是“挖洞”(make a hollow or tunnel beneath sth.)，那么这个时候，我们就可以着重积累一下undermine的这一含义。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.

If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.

Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms

(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms

(C) How plant defense mechanisms function

(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ

2. The phrase subject to in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) susceptible to

(B) classified by

(C) attractive to

(D) strengthened by

3. The word puncture in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) pierce

(B) pinch

(C) surround

(D) cover .

4. The word which in line 12 refers to

(A) tissues

(B) substances

(C) barriers

(D) insects

5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to

the Colorado beetle?

(A) resins

(B) tannins

(C) glycosides

(D) alkaloids

6. Why does the author mention glycoproteins in line 17?

(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals

(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants

(C) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense

(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense

7. The word dramatic in line 23 could best be replaced by

(A) striking

(B) accurate

(C) consistent

(D) appealing

8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?

(A) Lines 1-3

(B) Lines 4-6

(C) Lines 13-15

(D) Lines 24-27

9. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on

(A) the basis of passive plant defense

(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.

(C) how plants produce toxic chemicals

(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.

托福阅读背景知识汇总之表现派

表现派 (Expressionism)

野兽派之后, 法国有毕加索为首的立体主义, 几乎在同时的德国则有表现派(Expressionism)兴起. 1909年, 表现派的画家们首次在德国的德勒斯城组织团体"桥派". 1911年, 康丁斯基(Sassily Kandinsky)和马尔克(Franz Marc)在德国慕尼黑地区组织"黑骑士"的美术团体, 标榜表现主义从事绘画创作. 依年代来看, 正值第一次世界大战后期, 表现派的画家们看见战争的残酷, 一切的一切被战争摧毁. 因此, 他们开始批判的角度来探讨物体的本质, 否认眼睛所看到物体的姿态, 而注重物体在眼中所表现出来的样子. 因为每个不同的人所看见的物体会有不同的体认, 自然每个人所描述及表现的方法也不同, 所以表现派是极端主观的个人主义, 他们写意而不写实, 象征而不表象. 表现派与野兽派一样注重使用鲜艳的色彩, 当然与野兽们不同的是他们绝对不会让你轻易了解, 因为每个人不会对同一件物体有完全一样的看法, 你不是他. 虽然表现派没有如野兽派与表现派出现特别了不起的人物, 但他们对二十世纪中期以后的现代抽象主义(Non-figurative Art)具有深刻的影响. 对不起, 因为现代的抽象主义, 你更看不懂.